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Consonants
Consonants are speech sounds produced by obstructing or restricting airflow in the vocal tract, typically involving the closure or partial closure of articulators like the lips, tongue, or velum.
In linguistics, consonants are classified based on various articulatory features such as voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation.
They contrast with vowels, which are produced with a relatively open vocal tract and are characterized by the absence of significant constriction.
In IPA, English consonants are as follows:
| Voiced | Voiceless | Fricatives | Affricates | Nasals | Approximants |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | p | f | tʃ (ch) | m | l |
| d | t | θ (th) | dʒ (j) | n | ɹ (r) |
| g | k | s | ŋ (ng) | j (y) | |
| ʃ (sh) | w | ||||
| h |